The BOAE project uses biological materials and nature inspired strategies to capture, concentrate and sequester CO2. , , , , . Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) - ClimateWorks Foundation Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Research Award - ResearchConnect Removing Carbon Dioxide Through Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement and - SSRN These could have both positive and negative impacts on the marine ecosystem and change the composition of phytoplankton communities. Much research remains to be done to assess the efficacy and side effects of various approaches. "Removing Carbon Dioxide Through Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: Legal Ch Ocean alkalinization is an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to enhance the ocean's natural carbon sink. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Research and Development Program An RFP for this effort will be published in the next few months. What is Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement? Ocean alkalinity enhancement may counter ocean acidification the change in seawater chemistry that has been caused by absorption of anthropogenic CO2 pollution into the upper layer of the ocean. Two Recent Developments in Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement with Olivine This working paper follows the NASEM approach in establishing a preliminary research agenda for ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE), and also outlines a technology maturation . In late 2021, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Mathematics (NASEM) released a study on ocean-based CDR approaches. The report says there is high confidence in its efficacy. Through my work on negative emissions technologies (NETs) I have become familiar with the options to sustain and increase the ocean carbon sink - the sink that has come to our aid in absorbing close to one third of all historical CO2 emissions - and particularly the technique of ocean alkalinity enhancement or OAE [2]. 7 Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: 181-208: 8 Electrochemical Engineering Approaches: 209-238: 9 Synthesis and Research Strategy: 239-264: References: 265-296: Acronyms and . The report estimates $125 . Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement is the process of increasing the pH of the ocean very slightly with the goal of enhancing the ability of the ocean to absorb and safely lock away carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Led by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Assistant Scientist Adam V. Subhas and Associate Scientist Z. Aleck Wang, this project will explore the implications of the naturally-occurring seasonally enhanced alkalinity flux from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, and . To date, most attention has been paid to terrestrial EW applications (Khler et al., 2010; Schuiling and Tickell, 2010; Hartmann et al., 2013), with potential co-benefits in addition to CDR including stabilization of soil pH, addition of micronutrients, and crop fertilization (e.g., Manning, 2010). Studying its stability after application in multiple experimental . Ocean alkalinity enhancement - avoiding runaway CaCO3 precipitation Additional Ventures is partnering with Ocean Visions and a consortium of philanthropic funders to invite pre-proposals to develop prototypes that could enable safe, cost-efficient, and scalable OAE.. CEA Consulting have put forward a thorough examination of ocean alkalinity enhancement, raising awareness about this process and its ability to remove atmospheric carbon dioxide. This alkalinity is then moved to the ocean and is used to enhance the oceans natural alkalinity. Our proposal represents an urgently needed step to determine the likely feasibility of OAE to restore ocean pH in the field effectively and safely. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement This approach chemically alters ocean water to increase its alkalinity in order to enhance reactions that take up atmospheric CO2. Testing ocean alkalinity enhancement as a method to restore ecosystem Ocean-based approaches were beyond the scope of the NASEM study, posing the risk of delayed maturation in this area, and a reduction in the total CDR achievable by 2100. Negative CO2 Emissions via Enhanced Silicate Weathering in Coastal Environments. These factors include location (e.g., physical and biogeochemical environment where the alkalinity is added) and the mode, frequency, and rate of alkalinity addition. An array of lab and field experiments are needed to fully understand the environmental impacts of, and species sensitivities to, alkalinity enhancement. The role of soils in the regulation of ocean acidification Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a field that a lot of people are very excited about, including those who . These substances could include minerals, such as olivine, or artificial substances, such as lime or some industrial byproducts. The discussion of the two strategies is broken into two main sessions, one covering technological approaches and one covering natural approaches to ocean alkalinity enhancement and CO 2 removal. Raw material production (e.g., mining, grinding, transport) and the energy sources which are used will greatly influence the net CO. removal. The ocean covers more than 70 percent of the planet. We must also clean up the legacy greenhouse gas pollution already in our atmosphere. Distance between alkalinity sources and optimal distribution points could also be an influential factor. We believe that OAE R&D needs to be conducted with a prudent, step-by-step approach and that the nature, scale, duration, and intensity of experimentation and technology development should be proportionate to the current state of knowledge about potential adverse effects. The Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement R&D Program is an ambitious effort to evaluate the technical feasibility of alkalinity enhancement as an efficient method for sequestering atmospheric CO2, and to identify under what conditions it could be deployed safely. A Research Strategy for Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Sequestration However, a critical knowledge gap exists regarding their dissolution in natural seawater. Irrespective of the mode of alkalinity enhancement, estimated costs remain above (or close to) $100 per net ton removed, largely as a result of high energy . One proposed ocean-based CDR technique is ocean alkalinity1 enhancement (OAE) (Figure 7.1), also termed enhanced weathering (EW), proposed by Kheshgi (1995). Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: Current state of knowledge and potential Removing Carbon Dioxide Through Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: Legal This process provides needed alkalinity and minerals to marine life especially anything that makes a shell. Assessing Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Through the Seasonality of the Mississippi River Alkalinity Flux. Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is one of several proposed techniques for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in the oceans. Formation of these clays reduces the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement, e.g. As the expression suggests, ocean alkalinity management imitates naturally occurring phenomenasuch as erosion of calcium containing rocks from land to sea and dissolution of empty shells that reduce both ocean acidification and atmospheric CO 2 levels. The good news is that this process will solve climate change. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to accelerate the ocean's natural carbon sink. Acceleration could be realized by pulverizing and distributing gigatons of these minerals onto land (termed "enhanced weathering (EW)") or sea (termed "ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE)"). Ocean alkalinity enhancement carries medium environmental risks and medium to high scale-up costs. These substances could include minerals, such as olivine, or artificial substances, such as lime or some industrial byproducts. The energy to create alkalinity is comparable to the energy to synthesize seashells! Research Grants for Ocean-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal Awarded to This is a carbon and energy expensive process, where approximately 0.8 tonnes of CO2 are produced at a point source for every tonne sequestered. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) is a strategy to remove CO 2 directly from the atmosphere by adding processed minerals [e.g., lime (Ca(OH) 2) or olivine (Mg 2 SiO 4)] to marine areas.OAE increases the CO 2 buffering capacity of the ocean (de Coninck et al., 2018), which subsequently strengthens the oceanic CO 2 uptake (Khler et al., 2010; Hartmann et al., 2013). Adding alkalinity to the ocean removes carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere through a series of reactions that convert dissolved CO2 into stable bicarbonate and carbonate molecules, which in turn causes the ocean to absorb more CO2 from the air to restore equilibrium. Increasing ocean pH via alkalinity enhancement may then be directly beneficial for organisms that are vulnerable to ocean acidification. Award Amount. Ocean alkalinity enhancement carries medium environmental risks and medium to high scale-up costs. BOAE - Biological Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement - Substack Our definition of OAE encompasses these electrochemical approaches. Ocean alkalinization is an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to enhance the oceans natural carbon sink. Large-scale and permanent modification of seawater carbon chemistry will have desired and undesired environmental impacts, and these impacts are likely to differ across the various modes of alkalinity addition. Estimated costs for the various methods, while highly uncertain, generally range from $70160 per ton of CO2, but net costs may be as low as $3 per ton for methods that produce hydrogen as a byproduct. As ocean-based CO2removal has attracted more interest, OAE has emerged as a particularly intriguing approach. The feasibility of ocean alkalinity enhancement . Adding alkalinity to the ocean converts dissolved inorganic CO2 in seawater into bicarbonates and carbonates, which are stable forms of carbon with a lifetime of approximately 10,000 years. PDF Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: A preliminary research agenda and Any MRV framework will have to focus on two major questions however. We may be able to greatly enhance this process via human-caused additions of alkaline material. 7 Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement | A Research Strategy for Ocean-based Enhance the understanding of sustainable Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement as a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) method. One of the many CDR approaches we are exploring is managing ocean alkalinity. An increase in ocean alkalinity could be achieved by dissolving rocks and minerals either directly in the open ocean or through engineered systems. The resulting CO, deficit in surface waters is quickly rebalanced via a net movement of atmospheric CO. into the ocean, to reestablish equilibrium. This technique mimics natural weathering processes but accelerates them by adding low doses of alkalinity to the ocean's surface, slightly increasing its pH and enhancing its ability to absorb CO 2 from the . Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate ions (HCO Understanding Alkalinity to Quantify Ocean Buffering - Eos In rock weathering, atmospheric CO2 dissolves in rainwater, forming a mild acid. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement This approach chemically alters ocean water to increase its alkalinity in order to enhance reactions that take up atmospheric CO2. Rock weathering is often referred to as Earths Thermostat since it moderates the temperature of the planet. This limit is also appropriate for seawater since it ensures that there are no significant chemical changes (such as precipitation) in the receiving waters. Should carbonates form, CO is still removed, but not as efficiently. The highlighted analogs for these mCDR methods are not exclusive and others are likely to be identified for the various aspects of mCDR research. As Tim Flannery puts it, you can consider the ocean as a mirror of the atmosphere when it comes to CO2. Expanding the Community for Ocean Solutions. This includes particle dissolution rate (when adding minerals), secondary precipitation, and CO2 gas exchange dynamics. a news stream provided by the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Center (OA-ICC). Adding alkalinity via natural or enhanced weathering is counteracted by the precipitation of carbonate, which reduces alkalinity and, in todays ocean, is driven almost entirely by calcifying organisms. When this lands on alkaline rock, it weathers (or dissolves) the surface of the rock, forming carbonates and bicarbonates in solution. Irrespective of the mode of alkalinity enhancement, estimated costs remain above (or close to) $100 per net ton removed, largely as a result of high energy costs. The threat of acidification includes a decline in commercial fisheries and in the Arctic tourism industry and economy . Raw material production (e.g., mining, grinding, transport) and the energy sources which are used will greatly influence the net CO2removal. OAE is i) the addition of alkaline materials such as ultramafic rocks and lime, and ii) electrochemical processes. In this consensus report, OAE stands out as a potentially efficient and highly scalable CDR pathway that permanently sequesters CO2. This approach is broadly inspired by Earths modulation of alkalinity on geological timescales. The mission of Ocean Visions is to develop innovative and durable solutions to complex challenges facing our ocean. The report estimates $125 . The BOAE project is an electrochemical cell-free synthetic biology flow reactor. $397,716. This mildly alkaline water flows out through rivers and streams into the oceans. That is, the technologies to extract, process, and transport minerals are all mature, but research on ocean alkalinization remains mostly at the level of theoretical work and laboratory experiments, with a few coastal experiments in development. While OAE is potentially efficient, permanent, and scalable on paper, it remains a theoretical concept with many open questions which we hope to answer. 1000 degrees Celsius are used to heat high purity limestone. For the chemical binding of carbon dioxide, alkaline substances, for example silicate or lime, are discharged directly into the surface water of the ocean. These include spreading finely ground alkaline substances over the open ocean, depositing alkaline sand or gravel on beaches or coastal flats, and reacting seawater with alkaline minerals inside reactors before releasing the modified seawater back into the ocean. Chapter. 2022. This video introduces ocean alkalinity enhancement as a potential carbon dioxide removal strategy.Learn more: www.oceancdr.net A research strategy for ocean-based carbon dioxide removal and sequestration, pp 181-208. This process will make a minor change to the local pH in the waters receiving the alkalinity. Environmental impacts Ocean Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement directly counters the changes in seawater chemistry brought on by ocean acidification. Vesta is tackling the dual problem of shoreline erosion due to sea level rise and carbon emissions reduction with olivine . Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement - Ocean Visions 2013. "And, it could help to mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emissions by increasing the buffering capacity of the global ocean." Testing ocean alkalinity enhancement as a method to restore ecosystem services impacted by ocean acidification. One of the plans, referred to as ocean alkalinity enhancement, would involve grinding up igneous rocks that are found on shorelines around . The Challenge However, weathering of alkaline minerals like olivine releases byproducts such as silica, magnesium, and trace metals. Land-based CDR methods such as afforestation or bioenergy with carbon capture and storage have received much attention recently. Direct dissolution of CO2 is far less of a beneficial process than rock weathering. Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on Facebook, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on Twitter, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on LinkedIn, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on Instagram, Professional Studies and Executive Education, Assessing Ocean Alkalinity for Carbon Sequestration. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) may be a relatively safe way of storing CO 2 in the ocean, potentially for thousands of years. While mitigating all anthropogenic emissions by increasing ocean alkalinity is unlikely to be technically possible or desirable, . Silica, magnesium, and ii ) electrochemical processes capture and storage received... Attention recently anthropogenic emissions by increasing ocean alkalinity could be achieved by dissolving and! Rocks and lime, and ii ) electrochemical processes ocean and is used to enhance reactions that take atmospheric. Done to assess the efficacy and side effects of various approaches as olivine, artificial... 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