Myanmar conflict | ICRC Many insurgent groups, communist and ethnonationalist alike, became increasingly receptive of the Maoist concept of a "people's war" after failed peace talks with Ne Win's government in 1963. International Federation for Human Rights. Despite this, General Hlaing has declared a state of emergency in Myanmar. [12], In the lead up to Burmese independence, Aung San negotiated with Chin, Kachin, and Shan leaders, and the Panglong Agreement was reached between them. [107], The conflict escalated following the 2021 military coup, with the civilian-led Karenni People's Defence Force (KPDF) opening up a new front in northern Kayah State. avoki, Jovan. Celebrity news, beauty, fashion advice, and fascinating features, delivered straight to your inbox! Myanmar - United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Aung San Suu Kyi was detained by the Myanmar military on Monday morning. What is happening in Myanmar? The coup, explained. - Vox The Buddhists described here span a wide range of values regarding the intersection of their religion and violence. [39][40] Two other insurgent groups later joined the agreement on 13 February 2018. "Ethnic Rifts Strain Myanmar as It Moves Toward Democracy". The SSA-S has since become one of the largest Shan insurgent groups in Myanmar, and has around 8,000 soldiers as of 2016. According to one estimate, approximately half a million people were displaced due to fighting between government forces and the KNU, and the forcible relocation of villages by the government. For example, one law promoted by monks in 2013 declared that Buddhist women could not marry a man of another faith without official permission from local authorities. Others claim that their statements against Muslims never explicitly call for violenceeven if it causes itand thus any violence that occurs is not their responsibility. [61][62], On 15 August 2019, Northern Alliance insurgents attacked a military college in Nawnghkio Township, killing 15. The NLD won a supermajority of the seats, but the military junta, surprised by the outcome, refused to recognise the results and placed Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest. [226], On 25 July 2022, the Human Rights Watch reported that Myanmar's military junta sentenced four men to death after closed trials that fell far short of international standards. The authorities launched large-scale military operations in order to expel insurgents and so-called "foreigners" from Arakan, such as Operation Dragon King in 1978 and Operation Pyi Thaya in 1991[138], The legal and political rights of the Rohingya people have been an underlying issue during the conflict, with spontaneous bouts of violence, such as the 2012 Rakhine State riots and the 2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots, periodically occurring as a result. Myanmar and the Karen Conflict: the Longest Civil War You Have Never [95][96][97][98][99], Government forces attacked the Kachin Independence Army's headquarters near the city of Laiza on 19 November 2014, killing at least 22 KIA insurgents, according to the government. Stores are marked with the 969 symbol to verify the owner is Buddhist. . Unrest in coup-hit Myanmar has thrown the spotlight on some of the country's armed ethnic groups, as three of them threaten the junta with retaliation for its deadly crackdown on protests. Yes, the local Rakhine people can be considered islamophobic. [103] Rivals to the KNPP include the leftist Kayan New Land Party (KNLP) and Karenni National People's Liberation Front (KNPLF), both of whom signed ceasefires with the government in the 1990s. Thus, despite clear evidence that Islamophobic monastic rhetoric has increased violence, by denying that violence was their intention, many of these monks claim their karmic conscience is clear. [241] While many displacements last only for the duration of active fighting, protracted displacement is evidenced by camps in Kachin State, Rakhine State, and Shan State. [145][146], The Shan people are the largest ethnic group in Shan State and the second largest in Myanmar. [208], Dave Everett was a member of the Australian Special Air Service Regiment before leaving in 1986 and joining the Karen National Liberation Army as a mercenary. New forces have emerged, long-established ethnic armed groups have recommitted to insurgency and heavy clashes have erupted in . Understanding China's response to ethnic conflicts in Myanmar Jan 29th 2022 I N THE DECADE when its generals allowed it some semblance of democracy, Myanmar flourished. Some. They see themselves as pursuing a nation-wide resistance. Everett fought alongside the KNLA under the alias "Steve" and trained insurgents, helping them improve their marksmanship and teaching them how to use claymore anti-personnel mines. How and why are the Myanmar protests being organised? - 9News Myanmar's Coup, Explained - The New York Times [53][54][55] The subsequent violence has sparked international outcry and was described as an ethnic cleansing by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The Rohingya are reviled by many in Myanmar as illegal immigrants and they suffer from systematic discrimination. [187] Similarly, India has been one of the few countries to forcefully repatriate Rohingya refugees back to Myanmar despite global outcry. Map 1. From the 1960s to 1989, the Kokang area in northern Shan state was controlled by the Communist Party of Burma, and after the party's armed wing disbanded in 1989 it became a special region of Myanmar under the control of the Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA). The Roots of Religious Conflict in Myanmar - The Diplomat It is common to hear people say that certain religions are religions of violence or religions of peace. What might you say to someone who made such a claim? [166] Violence erupted again in 2015, when the MNDAA attempted to retake territory it had lost in 2009. [154] Yawd Serk lead the group until his retirement on 2 February 2014. But her reputation as human rights icon has been tarnished in recent years by her treatment of Myanmar's mostly Muslim Rohingya minority. ( ACLED - Myanmar Conflict Update - Table 1) Figure 3: Most Active Armed Groups. The four people executed were all pro-democracy campaigners and had all been imprisoned previously and one of them had been an MP. Deep-seated social conflict, dehumanizing attitudes, hatred, and discrimination among ethnic groups have been identified as the causes of mass killing ( Fein, 1993; Kuper, 1981 ). In April this year, she was sentenced to five years in jail for corruption, as the result of a trial which also took place in secret. [192], In November 2013, delegations from the Burmese and Russian armed forces met in Naypyidaw and agreed to strengthen cooperation between the two, particularly in regards to the exchange of military technology. Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. Thank you for signing up to . Conflict in Myanmar and Gender Equality - The Borgen Project The Myanmar Conflict - Explained The Myanmar Civil War, particularly where it pertains to the Rohingya conflict, is subject to many false and dangerously misleading narratives. The Mizo people of Mizoram, India, and the Chin people of Myanmar, as well as the Kuki people, are all Zo people who share a common culture and history. "This movement is leaderless, people are getting on the streets in their own way and at their own will," Thinzar Shunlei Yi, a prominent . Myanmar conflict.docx - Myanmar's Coup and Violence, Explained Name of It also highlighted crimes committed by insurgent groups in Kachin State, Rakhine State, and Shan State, including arson, extortion, destruction of property, forced labour, rape, murder, and forced disappearances. [45], In 2013, large anti-Muslim riots flared up in various cities across Myanmar. In other words, they believe that they have only done wrong if the result of their action is what they explicitly intended. NARA, RG 59, 690B.9321/12-2253, Memorandum of Conversation between Ne Win and the Army and Air Attachs of the U.S. Embassy in Burma, 22 December 1953. [4], The conflict has also resulted in the displacement of a large number of civilians, many of whom have fled to neighbouring countries such as Thailand, China, India, and Bangladesh. Myanmar: Conflict Update - ACLED Future Publishing Limited Quay House, The Ambury, Subscribe via email Johnson tweeted this morning, 'The vote of the people must be respected and civilian leaders released.'. Support Independent Media | Follow Rise Up Times on Social Media. In 1991, Khun Sa declared the creation of an independent Shan State, with himself as president. Explained: The Rohingya refugee crisis | World News | Sky News These elements of the Buddhist community have justified their actions using Buddhist theology, claiming that violence is acceptable if it is done in defense of their religion. [1] In this majority Buddhist nation, the regime was responsible for major human rights abuses against ethnic and religious minority groups, including the Rohingya Muslims and the Christian Karen. Myanmar was under the rule of an oppressive military junta from 1962 until 2011. Conflict in Myanmar | Religion and Public Life at Harvard Divinity School The Mon National Liberation Army (MNLA) has been fighting government forces since 1949. Bo Mya went on to explain that the NCGUB had typecast the KNU as rebels: 'as we are rebels and they the "government" [the NCGUB] said, "both the government and . The Gambia filed a lawsuit against Myanmar in the International Court of Justice on 11 November 2019. Conflict in Myanmar: War, Politics, Religion (Nick Cheesman and Nicholas Farrelly*, eds.) In making major deals with Myanmar's military rulers, China seems to be violating its official guidance for investment abroad: Avoid conflict zones. Myanmar's ethnic armed groups, and why their threats against junta could spiral into more conflict About 20 rebel outfits, including the United Wa State Army, Karen National Union, Kachin. [150] Aside from the remnants of the Noom Suk Harn and the SSIA, there was also the Shan National United Front (SNUF), which operated primarily in southern Shan State. [238] The Rohingya people have been described by the United Nations as "among the world's least wanted" and "one of the world's most persecuted minorities. The project was financed with an $80 million International . India fears Myanmar could offer a safe haven for insurgents to regroup, as it also harbours suspicions China could be backing separatist groups. On August 25, 2017, an outbreak of violence in Myanmar's Rakhine State forced hundreds of thousands of Rohingya people to flee their homes. Everett returned to Australia a year later in 1987. What you need to know about the crisis in Myanmar May 6, 2021 On Feb. 1, 2021, the military in Myanmar detained senior members of the civilian government after claiming the country's November 2020 elections were fraudulent. [27] However, the BSPP government was overthrown in a military coup d'tat on 18 September 1988. [173], China openly supported the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) and its pursuit of Mao Zedong Thought during the 1960s and 1970s. The KNU claims that landmines are vital for repelling government troops because they "discourage [the Tatmadaw] from attacking civilians". Myanmar - latest news, breaking stories and comment - The Independent [131] Civilian casualties,[132][133] arbitrary beatings[134] and detentions of ethnic Rakhines,[135] forced seizures of property,[136] and blockage of food aid and medical relief by the Tatmadaw have also been reported.[137]. [84][85], The Communist Party of Burma rearmed itself and announced the creation of its new armed wing, the People's Liberation Army, in late 2021. [172], The People's Republic of China has long been accused of having a multifaceted role in the conflict, given its close relations with both the Myanmar government and insurgent groups active along the ChinaMyanmar border. The ethnic and religious violence in Myanmar is incredibly complex; the traumas of colonialism, poverty, the recent transition from a military government to a more democratic state, and the global war on terror all play major roles in shaping the conflict. The 2008 constitution also created five autonomous self-administered zones and one self-administered division for six ethnic minority groups. After three successive parliamentary governments governed Myanmar, the Tatmadaw, led by General Ne Win, enacted a coup d'tat on 2 March 1962, which ousted the parliamentary government and replaced it with a military junta. The Tatmadaw are accused of deliberate and systematic targeting of civilians, sexual violence, discriminatory rhetoric against minorities, and impunity for its soldiers. [92] As a result of the ceasefire breakdown, Kachin State has faced waves of internal displacement, with over 90,000 internally displaced people spread across over 150 camps or camp-like settings as of April 2017. Religious tensions have also been a source of conflict, as Kachin people have historically been predominantly Christian, while the majority Bamar people have been predominantly Buddhist. Print. This included Operation Paper, which involved supplying them with non-lethal aid via Thailand until 1953, when they airlifted 7,000 soldiers to Taiwan and ended the operation. The 2021 Myanmar coup explained in 30 seconds Their largest exodus began in August 2017 after a massive wave of violence broke out in Myanmar's Rakhine State, forcing more than 700,000 people - half of them children - to seek refuge in Bangladesh. On Feb. 1, Myanmar's military launched a coup and seized control of the government, less than a decade after the nation began its transition to democracy. When God's Army was formed in 1997, the pair were just ten-years-old. Activists have. [53][54][55] In response, the Tatmadaw launched "clearance operations" in northern Rakhine State, which critics argued targeted Rohingya civilians rather than insurgents. Amidst a spiraling economic, social and health crisis, armed fighting is no longer confined to ethnic minority areas but has cropped up in cities and regions where the ethnic Bamar are in majority. Myanmar State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi defended her country's military generals against accusations of genocide in public hearings in December 2019. The four killings have been widely condemned by the West, but China have yet to publicly condemn them. [225], One of the most notable cases in which child soldiers were used in Myanmar was that of twins Johnny and Luther Htoo, the leaders of God's Army, a former rebel faction. [25][pageneeded], On 12 March 1988, students began demonstrating in Rangoon (present-day Yangon) against the totalitarian rule of Ne Win and his Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP). [20] Around this period, other ethnic minority groups began forming larger rebel factions, such as the Kachin Independence Army, in response to the new government's refusal to adopt a federal system. In February 2021, a coup, led by the Tatmadaw, aka the military, took place and they deposed the ruling party at the time, the National League for Democracy. "UN General Assembly Resolution: Time for Concrete Action" (Press release). Power was then given to the military, who have been in charge ever since. This dissertation aims to examine the potential for conflict transformation to provide a solution to this intractable violence. [80], On 5 May 2021, the National Unity Government declared the formation of an armed wing, the People's Defence Force (PDF), to protect its supporters from military junta attacks and as a first step towards a Federal Union Army. Instability in Myanmar | Global Conflict Tracker All of the 14 signatories wanted negotiations in accordance with the Panglong Agreement of 1947, which granted self-determination, a federal system of government (meaning regional autonomy), religious freedom and ethnic minority rights. Deadly conflict escalated in Rakhine. The crackdown by the government was a response to attacks on Myanmar border posts in October 2016 by Rohingya insurgents. Peace and war in Myanmar - Brookings Myanmar coup explained: everything you need to know about the conflict Myanmar coup explained: Why Aung San Suu Kyi was detained by the - CNN Regardless, there is no doubt that much of the Buddhist religious leadership of Myanmar has promoted violence against Muslims in the region. [3] The Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) has recorded over 30,000 deaths since 2011. In 1950, the Pakistani government warned their Burmese counterparts about their treatment of Muslims. [233][pageneeded], Over the course of the conflict, government officials in Myanmar have been accused of forcefully removing civilians living in conflict areas and confiscating their property, to repurpose them for commercial, industrial, and military projects. One monk, U Withuta, housed over 800 Muslims in his monastery during anti-Muslim riots, telling the mob that approached that they would have to kill him to reach those he protected inside. Myanmar's Religious and Ethnic Conflicts | Background Report [193] Myanmar and Russia signed a military cooperation agreement in June 2016, with Russia promising more arms and training for Myanmar's military. In addition to violence against Rohingya communities, the report noted Tatamadaw abuses against ethnic Rakhine, including forced labour, sexual violence, forced evictions, and killings. [52] On 11 October 2016, four Tatmadaw soldiers were killed on the third day of fighting. Insurgencies have been ongoing in Myanmar since 1948, the year the country, then known as Burma, gained independence from the United Kingdom. The Rohingya Crisis, explained: 5 things to know in 2022 194195. Al-Sarraj's administration is backed by the U.N. and Western powers including the U.S., but mainly relies on Turkey, Qatar and Italy. The conflicts only happened in the northern regions of Rakhine State near Bangladesh. Disasters, 24(3), 228239. [243] In 2009 they urged the then ruling junta to take urgent measures to end violations of international human rights and humanitarian laws in the country. The violence resulted in the displacement of nearly 100,000 civilians and the complete or partial abandonment of 364 villages. Myanmar | Today's latest from Al Jazeera [148] It became known as the Noom Suk Harn (or Noom Seik Harn[149]), meaning "brave young warriors". They were one of several ethnic groups consulted by Aung San during negotiations leading up to the Panglong Agreement, which gave the Shan leaders the option to split from Myanmar a decade after independence if they were unsatisfied with the central government. [247] The mission called for an investigation into and the prosecution of military leaders, in particular commander-in-chief Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, in the International Criminal Court (ICC) for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. This morning, the world woke up to the news that the military in Myanmar had seized power of the country and declared a state of emergency, following the detainment of the country's civilian leader Aung San Suu Kyi and other senior members of the country's ruling party. Myanmar's ethnic armed groups, and why their threats against junta In the 1960s, Khun Sa, a KKY militia leader, was permitted by the Burmese government to grow and trade opium in return for fighting Shan and communists insurgents. Despite making up the majority of the population in the three northern townships of Rakhine State,[119] the Rohingyas are frequently the targets of religiously motivated attacks. [73], Anti-coup protesters have armed themselves with slingshots, molotov cocktails, and makeshift shields. Lanjouw, S., Mortimer, G., & Bamforth, V. (2000). [153] The Mong Tai Army was quickly disbanded after the mass desertion, and Khun Sa himself surrendered to the government in 1996. EPA-EFE//LYNN BO BO. The Tatmadaw later retaliated with airstrikes on KNU positions. [224] Meanwhile, insurgent groups such as the MNDAA, SSA-S, and TNLA have reportedly press-ganged minors into their armies. [34] Despite its violent suppression of the 8888 Uprising, the new military junta agreed to ceasefire agreements with certain insurgent groups after the demonstrations ceased. The overall human rights situation in Myanmar deteriorated in 2020, including heightened restrictions on freedom of expression and peaceful assembly. However, many members of the public opposed the coup and have since taken part in mass protests. [122] Thirteen members of the Border Guard Police (BGP) were killed and nine others were injured,[123][124][125] while 40 firearms and more than 10,000 rounds of ammunition were looted. Retrieved 10 November 2014. In Shan State, the military continued to engage the MNDAA during the 2015 Kokang offensive. [185] The two countries' armies have conducted joint operations against insurgents at their border since the 1990s. One of those killed was previously a member of the National League for Democracy (NLD), led by Aung San Suu Kyi. Thousands of monks have participated in anti-Muslim demonstrations, increasing interreligious tensions in the region. The violence has been coordinated and serious, and the UN Human Rights Office has stated that Myanmar is likely guilty of crimes against humanity or even ethnic cleansing.. Myanmar's Coup Shakes Up Its Ethnic Conflicts | Crisis Group Despite these obstacles, women take an active role in mitigating the damage done by the conflict in Myanmar. Stories The Military Coup in Myanmar: Explained The Military Coup in Myanmar At Least 150,000 Children Have Been Forced to Flee Their Homes Children are no longer safe in Myanmar . A portrait of Myanmars Foreign Minister Aung San Suu Kyi with her mouth covered with a sandal displayed on a mobile phone screen is shown by a protester during a demonstration in front of the Myanmar Embassy in Bangkok, Thailand, Friday, Nov. 25, 2016 against the murder, displacement and persecution of Muslim Rohingya in Myanmar. The government introduced a new constitution in 2008 and instigated a period of political reforms from 2011 to 2015, with thousands of political prisoners being released, including Aung San Suu Kyi. The Arakan Army later stated that it had captured nine BGP personnel and five civilians, and that three of its fighters were also killed in the attacks. Here's What You Need to Know About the Rohingya Crisis - Business Insider However, the role of Buddhism in this conflict is clearly no less complex. However, Myanmar is still in crisis and member states are paying close attention to whether Cambodia, the new chair for 2022, can demonstrate the leadership to avoid isolating Myanmar while. [72] Mass protests followed, with demonstrators demanding the resignation of Min Aung Hlaing and the newly created State Administration Council (SAC), the release of those arrested in the coup, and the restoration of the civilian government. There was no inclusive plan or body that represented all the factions, and as a result, in resent, the KNU backed out of the conference and complained the lack of independence for each party within the ethnic bloc. Over the last decade, hundreds of Muslims have been murdered, mosques have been destroyed, and hundreds of thousands have been forced to flee their homes. Results of World Bank support to Myanmar between January 2013 and January 2021 include:. [188], From 1948 to 1950, Pakistan sent aid to mujahideen in northern Arakan (present-day Rakhine State). 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